Assessment of depression, stress, anxiety and oral health-related quality of life in individuals with sjögren's syndrome: case control pilot study / Evaluación de la depresión, el estrés, la ansiedad y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal en personas con síndrome de Sjögren: estudio piloto de casos y controles

Objective: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic auto-immune inflammatory systemic disease, in which the infiltration of mo-nonuclear cells in the exocrine glands leads to physiological and morphological changes. This pilot case-control study aims to describe the profile, evaluate the oral condition, quality of life (QoL) and psychological condition, through complete clinical examination, OHIP-14 and DASS-21 questionnaires. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with seven individuals with a final diagnosis of SS (case group [CG]), and seven individuals with symptoms of dry mouth (control group [GCO]), consulting at the institution from January to November 2021. participants were selected by free demand and those previously seen at the institution with a diagnosis of SS between 19 and 70 years of age. The questionnaire OHIP-14 was applied to assess the patient's quality of life, where seven dimensions are assessed, subdivided into 14 questions through the Lickert scale (0 to 4) assigned by the individual and which quantifies the impact of oral health on QoL. The questionnaire DASS-21 assessed the psychological condition of the patient, which presents seven questions for each emotional state (depression, anxiety, and stress), totaling 21 questions. The general clinical condition, evolution of SS, oral clinical condition, and the profile of this population were related to QoL factors and psychological conditions, using these assessment instruments. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding stimulated salivary flow. The only symptom with a statistically significant difference in the CG was difficulty in phonation (p< 0.001). The dimensions related to functional limitation and physical pain showed the most expressive results (p=0.004) (p=0.025), showing a strong negative impact on the QoL of the CG individuals, and the dimension related to disability was the least affected (p=0.684). The analysis of depression, anxiety, and stress did not show statistically significant results between the groups; however, in the CG, 5 (71.42%) individuals showed a severe degree of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: Individuals in the case group showed some changes, with a strong negative impact on QoL compared to the control group.

Objetivo: El síndrome de Sjögren (SS) es una enfermedad inflamatoria sistémica crónica autoinmune, en la que la infiltración de células mononucleares en las glándulas exocrinas provoca cambios fisiológicos y morfológicos. Este estudio piloto de casos y controles tiene como objetivo describir el perfil, evaluar la condición bucal, calidad de vida (CdV) y condición psicológica, mediante examen clínico completo, cuestionarios OHIP-14 y DASS-21. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio se realizó con 7 individuos con diagnóstico final de SS, grupo de casos (CG) y 7 individuos con síntomas de sequedad bucal, grupo control (GCO) atendidos en la institución de enero a noviembre de 2021. Los participantes fueron seleccionados por libre demanda y entre los atendidos previamente en la institución con diagnóstico de SS entre 19 y 70 años de edad. Para evaluar la calidad de vida del paciente se aplicó el cuestionario OHIP-14, donde se evalúan siete dimensiones, sub-divididas en 14 preguntas a través de la escala de Likert (0 a 4) asignada por el individuo y que cuantifica el impacto de la salud bucal en la calidad de vida. El cuestionario DASS-21 evaluó la condición psicológica del paciente, el cual presenta siete preguntas para cada estado emocional (depresión, ansiedad y estrés), totalizando 21 preguntas. El estado clínico general, la evolución del SS, el estado clínico bucal y el perfil de esta población se relacionaron con factores de calidad de vida y condiciones psicológicas, mediante estos instrumentos de evaluación. Resultados: En cuanto al flujo salival estimulado, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos. El único síntoma que mostró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el CG fue la dificultad en la fonación (p< 0,001). Las dimensiones relacionadas con limitación funcional y dolor físico mostraron los resultados más expresivos (p=0,004) (p=0,025), mostrando un fuerte impacto negativo en la CdV de los individuos del GC, y la dimensión relacionada con discapacidad fue la menos afectada (p=0,684). El análisis de depresión, ansiedad y estrés no mostró resultados estadísticamente significativos entre los grupos; sin embargo, en el GC, 5 (71,42%) individuos presentaron un grado severo de depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Conclusión: Se puede concluir que los individuos del grupo de casos mostraron algunos cambios, con un fuerte impacto negativo en la calidad de vida en comparación con el grupo de control.

Tracking demands for seeking psychological help before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a quanti-qualitative study

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented burdens on individuals and communities around the world. The isolation, fear, and uncertainty caused by the virus has led to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. The pandemic has also had a disproportionate impact on individuals and communities with low income and socioeconomic status. Objective To shed light on the consequences of the pandemic on individuals from minorities and low-income areas, we investigate the main reasons that led patients who were referred to a social clinic of a private university in Rio de Janeiro to seek psychological treatment before (2019) and during the pandemic (2020 and 2021). Methods We conducted a quanti-qualitative study with a lexical analysis that evaluated 549 complaint forms of patients seeking treatment in these two distinct periods. Our analyses included descending hierarchical analysis (DHA) and correspondence factor analysis (CFA). Results Family dynamics and communication factors play a dominant role in the reason for seeking therapy and psychological treatment. Additionally, our study suggested an increase in anxiety and panic attacks among other mental health issues associated with griefand losses during the pandemic years. Conclusion Based on these analyses, we can begin to identify a few changes in the main demand and redirection of complaints of patients during the period of COVID-19.

Síntomas depresivos, ansiosos e insomnio, y posibles factores asociados en personal de salud, en un Hospital General en Suramérica, durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en 2020 / Depressive and anxious symptoms and insomnia, and possible associated factors in health workers, in a General Hospital in South America, during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020

La pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus COVID- 19 ha tenido impacto en la salud mental del personal médico y de enfermería en todo el mundo. Objetivo: identificar la frecuencia de síntomas depresivos, ansiosos e insomnio y los factores posiblemente relacionados con estos desenlaces en el personal sanitario de un hospital de Suramérica durante el primer pico de la pandemia. Materiales y métodos: se aplicaron las escalas PHQ-9 para depresión, GAD- 7 para ansiedad, ISI - 7 para insomnio en 876 trabajadores de la salud del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe en la ciudad de Medellín. Resultados: de los 876 participantes (29,2% médicos, 21.2% profesionales de enfermería y 49,5% auxiliares de enfermería), 357 (40.8%) presentaron síntomas depresivos, 300 (34.2%) síntomas ansiosos y 317 (36.2%) insomnio. Se observaron síntomas de depresión, ansiedad e insomnio, con mayor frecuencia en quienes no tenían las necesidades básicas satisfechas y en quienes se sentían estigmatizados por ser personal de salud. Además, la depresión se presentó con más frecuencia en mujeres, la ansiedad en menores de 44 años y el insomnio en personas separadas. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de problemas de salud mental en el personal de salud es considerable. Estos hallazgos demuestran la necesidad de atención en la salud mental de los profesionales médicos y de enfermería durante la pandemia por COVID-19 y la búsqueda de estrategias para mitigar el riesgo en esta población.

Background: pandemic due to novel coronavirus COVID-19 has impacted on the mental health of health care workers all around the world. Material and Methods: this is a cross sectional study in which questionnaires PHQ-9 for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, ISI-7 for insomnia were virtually and self administered by 876 health care workers laboring in hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe in Medellin city. Results: from 876 participants (29.2% physicians, 21.2% nurses and 49.5% technical nurses), 357 (40.8%) developed depressive symptoms, 300 (34.2%) anxious symptoms and 317 (36.2%) insomnia. Symptoms of depression, anxiety and insomnia were more frequently found in those who did not have basic needs satisfied and in those who felt stigmatized due to being health personal. Besides, depressive symptoms were more frequent in women, anxious symptoms in people younger than 44 years old and insomnia in divorced people. Conclusions: the frequency of mental health problems in health care workers is significant, these findings bring to light the needs for mental health attention in nurses and doctors during COVID-19 pandemic and the research of strategies to mitigate the risk on this population. Feeling stigmatized and not having basic needs satisfied were associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression and insomnia.

Relación de variables sociodemográficas con niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes universitarios / PRelation of socio-demographic variables with levels of depression, anxiety and stress in university students

RESUMEN: Introducción: La salud mental en universitarios es un tema que cada vez cobra más relevancia y la importancia que tiene identificar factores que afectan su aparición, así como también en qué medida influyen en el desempeño académico. Método: Se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo no experimental, descriptivo, correlacional y de corte transversal. Se aplicó Chi Cuadrado para evaluar asociación entre variables. La muestra fue no probabilística de 166 estudiantes de enfermería, nutrición y dietética, fonoaudiología y kinesiología. Se aplicó la versión chilena abreviada de las escalas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés DASS - 21, constituida por 21 ítems, con cuatro alternativas de respuesta en formato en escala Likert y un cuestionario sociodemográfico, éste instrumento consideró variables personales, etnia Mapuche y nivel de escolaridad de los padres. El protocolo de investigación realizado fue aprobado por el Comité Ético Científico del Servicio de Salud Del Reloncaví. Resultados: El 54, 82% de la muestra presenta algún nivel de alteración o riesgo de padecer ansiedad, un 47,59% de estrés y un 31,33% depresión. El 42,17% se identifica como perteneciente a la etnia mapuche, mientras que el 56,02% se identifica como no mapuche. En relación al nivel de escolaridad del padre y de la madre, el porcentaje más alto corresponde a la categoría de enseñanza media completa (padre 37,95% y madre 36,14%). Conclusiones: Existe una asociación entre sexo femenino y los niveles ansiedad, estrés y depresión. Además, una relación entre pertenecer al género femenino, cursar las carreras de Enfermería y nutrición y dietética con presentar algún nivel de ansiedad, destacándose una asociación entre ansiedad, depresión y estrés.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mental health in university students is a topic that is becoming more and more relevant and the importance of identifying factors that affect its appearance, as well as to what extent they influence academic performance. Method: A non-experimental, descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional quantitative design was used. Chi Square was applied to evaluate the association between variables. The sample was non-probabilistic of 166 students from nursing, nutrition and dietetics, speech therapy, and kinesiology. The abbreviated Chilean version of the DASS-21 depression, anxiety and stress scales was applied, consisting of 21 items, with four response alternatives in Likert scale format and a sociodemographic questionnaire, this instrument considered personal variables, Mapuche ethnic group and level of parental education. The research protocol carried out was approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Del Reloncaví Health Service. Results: 54.82% of the sample presented some level of alteration or risk of suffering from anxiety, 47.59% stress and 31.33% depression. 42.17% identify themselves as belonging to the Mapuche ethnic group, while 56.02% identify themselves as non-Mapuche. Regarding the level of education of the father and mother, the highest percentage corresponds to the category of complete secondary education (father 37.95% and mother 36.14%). Conclusions: There is an association between female sex and levels of anxiety, stress and depression. In addition, there is a relationship between belonging to the female gender, studying nursing, nutrition and dietetics careers with presenting some level of anxiety. An association between anxiety, depression and stress stands out.

Condición clínica, capacidad funcional, ansiedad/depresión y calidad de vida en pacientes con EPOC con diferentes rangos de edad / Clinical Condition, Functional Capacity, Anxiety or Depression, and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Different Age Groups

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica genera una discapacidad progresiva en el sujeto que la padece a causa de la disnea frecuente, lo que conlleva a limitaciones y restricciones en la participación con el incremento de la edad, lo que finalmente le desencadena estados de ansiedad y depresión, secundarios a su condición clínica. Objetivo: Establecer las diferencias en la condición clínica, capacidad funcional, ansiedad/depresión y calidad de vida en un grupo de pacientes que se encuentran entre la prevejez, senectud y la ancianidad diagnosticados con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, quienes se dividieron en grupos edad. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables las clínicas: capacidad funcional, ansiedad/depresión y calidad de vida. Resultados: Se distribuyeron los pacientes en grupos de edad de la siguiente manera: 45-59 años (prevejez) n = 16; 60-79 años (senectud) n = 89; y 80 años y más (ancianidad) n = 24. Se vincularon mayor cantidad de hombres (61,3 por ciento), todos los grupos erar mayormente casados. Hubo diferencias significativas en la distacia recorrida siendo el grupo ancianidad quien presentó un peor resultado (235,25±106,8). La ansiedad y depresión no presentaron diferencias y la calidad de vida mostró mayor afección del dominio actividades. Conclusión: Los pacientes del grupo prevejez presentaron mejor desempeño en la capacidad funcional comparado con los grupos senectud y ansianidad. A su vez, la ansiedad y depresión es mayor en pacientes en prevejez, sin embargo, no resulta ser significativa entre los grupos(AU)

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease produces progressive disability in the person who presents the disease, because of frequent dyspnea, leading to limitations and restrictions in participation with age increase, which finally triggers anxiety and depression states secondary to their clinical condition. Objective: To establish the differences in clinical condition, functional capacity, anxiety or depression, and quality of life in a group of patients between late adulthood, senescence and old age diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: Descriptive study carried out in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who were divided into age groups. Clinical variables were taken into account: functional capacity, anxiety or depression, and quality of life. Results: Patients were distributed into age groups as follows: 45-59 years (old age), n=16; 60-79 years (senescence); n=89; and 80 years and older (old age); n=24. There were significant differences in the distance traveled, with the old age group presenting the worst result (235.25±106.8). Anxiety or depression did not show differences, and quality of life showed greater repercussion in the activity domain. Conclusion: Patients in the late adulthood group presented better functional capacity compared to the senescence and old age groups. In turn, anxiety and depression were higher in patients in the late adulthood group; however, it was not significant between the groups(AU)

Ansiedad en pandemia: características epidemiológicas de los trastornos de ansiedad atendidos a través de telepsiquiatría en un hospital universitario / Anxiety in pandemic: epidemiological characteristics of anxiety disorders seen through telepsychiatry in a university hospital

RESUMEN Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 ha incrementado los casos de ansiedad y causado grandes modificaciones en la forma de prestar atención médica. Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas de los trastornos de ansiedad atendidos a través de telepsiquiatría en un Hospital Universitario. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se realizó un muestreo no aleatorio intencional. Se utilizaron fichas electrónicas de pacientes tratados en el Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital de Clínicas, Paraguay, entre febrero y mayo de 2021. Se realizó estadística descriptiva de todas las variables. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para las variables cuantitativas. Las cualitativas se resumieron en frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: el análisis incluyó 804 pacientes. El 71,5 % (575) de los pacientes procedían del ámbito rural. De todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de algún trastorno de ansiedad (20,49 % n = 165), el 69,1 % (114) correspondían a mujeres y el 49,7 % (82) presentaron trastorno de pánico (ansiedad paroxística episódica), 28,5 % (47) fueron diagnosticados con trastorno de ansiedad generalizada, y 21,8 % (36) tuvieron un trastorno de ansiedad no especificado. Conclusión: más del 20 % de los pacientes que consultaron a través de la modalidad de telepsiquiatría presentó algún cuadro del espectro ansioso. La presentación de casos se dio tanto en el ámbito rural como en el urbano y de preferencia en mujeres. El trastorno de pánico emergió como el trastorno de más alta frecuencia en la población accesible, representando casi la mitad de todos los casos de ansiedad diagnosticados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has increased anxiety cases and caused big modifications in the way medical care is provided. Objective: to describe the epidemiological characteristics of anxiety disorders treated through telepsychiatry in a University Hospital. Methodology: observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. A non-random purposive sampling was performed. Electronic records of patients treated in the Psychiatry Department of the "Hospital de Clínicas", Paraguay, between February and May 2021 were used. Descriptive statistics were performed for all variables. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for quantitative variables. Qualitative variables were summarized in frequencies and percentages. Results: the analysis included 804 patients. Out of the patients, 71,5 % (575) were from rural areas. Out of all patients diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (20,49 % n = 165), 69,1 % (114) were female and 49,7 % (82) had panic disorder (episodic paroxysmal anxiety), 28,5 % (47) were diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, and 21,8 % (36) had an unspecified anxiety disorder. Conclusion: more than 20 % of the patients who consulted through the telepsychiatry modality presented with an anxiety spectrum disorder. Cases were presented in both rural and urban areas and preferably in females. Panic disorder emerged as the most frequent disorder in the accessible population, representing almost half of all diagnosed anxiety cases.

Prevalence of anxiety and depression disorder and associated factors during postpartum in puerperal women / Prevalência do transtorno de ansiedade e de depressão e fatores associados no pós-parto de puérperas

Abstract Objectives: to check the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorder and associated factors during the postpartum period in puerperal women in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted in an outpatient clinic for newborn care in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil, in 2016 and 2017. 250 puerperal women were evaluated with the application of a form to collect anxiety/depression, socioeconomic and gestational data. Descriptive and multiple correspondence analyses were performed. Results: most puerperal women (81.2%) had no depression or a mild depression, 14.4% with mild to moderate depression and 4.4% with moderate to severe depression. In relation to anxiety, 68.4% presented a minimum degree, 21.6% mild anxiety, 7.6% moderate anxiety and 2.4% severe anxiety. Concerning the associated factors with postpartum depression, no sociodemographic variables or those related to childbirth were associated. As for anxiety, yellow/indigenous skin color, lack of paternal support and having interrupted pregnancy were associated with more advanced anxiety conditions. Conclusion: there was no association between demographic and health conditions with postpartum depression; however, regarding anxiety, the yellow/indigenous skin color, the lack of paternal support and the interruption of previous pregnancies were associated with more advanced anxiety conditions.

Resumo Objetivos: verificar a prevalência do transtorno de ansiedade e de depressão e fatores associados no pós-parto de puérperas no município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado no ambulatório de atendimento de recémnascidos do município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, nos anos de 2016 e 2017. Foram avaliadas 250 puérperas com aplicação de formulário para levantamento de ansiedade e depressão, dados socioeconômicos, gestacionais. Realizou-se análise descritiva e de correspondência múltipla. Resultados: a maioria das puérperas (81,2%) foi considerada sem depressão ou depressão leve, 14,4% com depressão leve a moderada e 4,4% com depressão moderada a grave. Em relação a ansiedade 68,4% apresentaram grau mínimo, 21,6% ansiedade leve, 7,6% ansiedade moderada e 2,4% ansiedade severa. No que tange aos fatores associados a depressão pós parto, nenhuma variável sociodemográfica e relacionada ao parto apresentouse associada. Já no que se refere à ansiedade, a cor amarela/indígena, a falta de suporte paterna e ter interrompido a gestação apresentaram associação às condições mais avançadas de ansiedade. Conclusão: não houve associação entre condições demográficas e de saúde com a depressão pós-parto, mas, em relação à ansiedade, a cor amarela/indígena, a falta de suporte paterna e a interrupção de gestações anteriores apresentaram associação as condições mais avançadas de ansiedade.

Salud mental de los mexicanos durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Mental health of the Mexican population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 también ha afectado la salud mental. Objetivo: Evaluar la salud mental de la población mexicana durante la pandemia de COVID-19 mediante la medición de síntomas de estrés, depresión, ansiedad, insomnio y resiliencia. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Con una encuesta se recabaron datos sociodemográficos y se aplicaron la Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS 21), la Escala Atenas de Insomnio y la Escala de Resiliencia 14 Ítems (RS-14). Se obtuvieron medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión en las variables cuantitativas, así como frecuencias en las cualitativas. En el análisis bivariado se utilizó la prueba de χ2; el nivel alpha fue 0.05. Resultados: Se analizaron 1667 individuos con edad media de 33.78 ± 10.79 años. En la DASS 21 se encontró una media de 9.7 puntos (normal), 7.10 para ansiedad (normal) y 6.73 para depresión (normal). La Escala Atenas de Insomnio presentó una media de 9.33 puntos (alteración moderada) y la RS-14, 69.13 (resiliencia alta). Conclusiones: La intensidad de la sintomatología fue menor a la esperada en comparación con la registrada en otras poblaciones, probablemente por la alta resiliencia de la población mexicana.

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has also affected mental health. Objective: To evaluate Mexican population mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic by measuring symptoms of stress, depression, anxiety and insomnia, as well as resilience. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study. A survey was carried out to collect sociodemographic data, and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS 21), Athens Insomnia Scale and the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14) were applied. Central tendency and dispersion measures were obtained for quantitative variables and frequencies for qualitative variables. The chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis; alpha level was 0.05. Results: 1,667 individuals with a mean age of 33.78 ± 10.79 years were analyzed. On DASS 21, a mean of 9.7 points (normal) was found, as well as 7.10 for anxiety (normal) and 6.73 for depression (normal). In the Athens Insomnia Scale, a mean of 9.33 points (moderate alteration), and in the RS-14 scale, 69.13 points (high resilience) were obtained. Conclusions: Symptoms' intensity was lower than expected in comparison with that recorded in other populations, probably due to the high levels of resilience of the Mexican population.

Prevalência de ansiedade em profissionais da saúde em tempos de COVID-19: revisão sistemática com metanálise / Prevalence of anxiety among health professionals in times of COVID-19: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é identificar a prevalência de ansiedade em profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Trata-se de revisão sistemática de estudos publicados em qualquer idioma em 2020. Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados Embase, LILACS e PubMed utilizando os descritores anxiety, COVID-19, health workers, e sinônimos. A estimativa da prevalência geral de ansiedade com intervalo de confiança de 95% foi calculada utilizando o modelo de efeitos aleatórios. Dos 861 registros identificados, 36 artigos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática e 35 na metanálise. A prevalência geral de ansiedade foi de 35% (IC95%: 29-40). Foi identificado maior risco de ansiedade nas mulheres em relação aos homens (Odds Ratio: 1.64 [IC95%: 1,47-1,84]), e nos enfermeiros, na comparação com médicos (Odds Ratio: 1.19 [IC95%: 1,07-1,33]). Atuar na linha de frente no combate a COVID-19, estar infectado com coronavírus e apresentar doenças crônicas também foram fatores associados com maior risco de ansiedade. Observa-se alta prevalência de ansiedade entre profissionais de saúde, com maior risco entre mulheres e enfermeiros. Há necessidade de medidas que visem sua prevenção, bem como o fornecimento de tratamento precoce e adequado aos com ansiedade moderada e grave.

Abstract This study sets out to identify the prevalence of anxiety among health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. It involves a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published in any language in 2020. A search was conducted in the Embase, LILACS and PubMed databases using the keywords anxiety, COVID-19, health workers, and synonyms. The estimated overall prevalence of anxiety with a 95% confidence interval was calculated using the random effects model. Of the 861 records identified, 36 articles were included in the systematic review and 35 in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of anxiety was 35% (95%CI: 29-40). A higher risk of anxiety was identified among women compared to men (Odds Ratio: 1.64 [95%CI: 1.47-1.84]), and in nurses, in comparison with physicians (Odds Ratio: 1.19 [95%CI: 1.07-1.33]). Being on the front line of COVID-19, being infected with coronavirus and having chronic diseases were also factors associated with a higher risk of anxiety. A high prevalence of anxiety among health professionals was observed, with higher risk among women and nurses. There is a pressing need for measures aimed at prevention of anxiety and providing early and appropriate treatment for those suffering from moderate and severe anxiety.

Brazilian's frequency of anxiety, depression and stress symptoms in the COVID-19 pandemic / Frequência de sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e estresse em brasileiros na pandemia COVID-19

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the frequency of anxiety, stress and depression in Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection was performed via an online electronic form containing self-reported sociodemographic and mental health variables using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) using the snow-ball sampling technique. For the whole study, a significance level of 0.05 was considered, except for the application of the stepwise method, which considered a level of 0.2. Results: 1,775 people responded the survey, mostly women (78.07%), white (58.13%), single (45.78%), currently working (63.74%). 32.03% received psychotherapy or some type of emotional support before the pandemic, 19.03% had some psychiatric diagnosis and 8.49% started some support after the beginning of the pandemic. The mean scores investigated by the DASS-21 scale were 5.53869 for depression, 4.467334 for anxiety and 8.221202 for stress. Conclusions: during the COVID-19 pandemic, sociodemographic and mental health characteristics were mapped and in Brazilians and the symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress were identified mainly in women, single people, who did not currently work and already had some previous mental health symptom.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a frequência de ansiedade, estresse e depressão em brasileiros no período da pandemia COVID-19. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com brasileiros durante a pandemia COVID-19. A coleta de dados foi realizada via formulário eletrônico online contendo variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde mental autodeclaradas através da escala de depressão, ansiedade e estresse (DASS-21) utilizando a técnica snow-ball sampling. Para todo o estudo foi considerado um nível de significância de 0.05, salvo a aplicação do método stepwise que considerou um nível de 0.2. Resultados: 1.775 pessoas responderam à pesquisa, maioria mulheres (78,07%); brancos (58,13%); solteiros (45, 78%); trabalhando atualmente (63,74%). Faziam psicoterapia ou recebiam algum tipo de suporte emocional antes da pandemia 32,03%; 19,03% tinham algum diagnóstico psiquiátrico e 8,49% iniciaram algum suporte após o início da pandemia. As médias dos escores investigados pela escala DASS-21 foram: 5,53869 para depressão; 4,467334 para ansiedade e 8,221202 para estresse. Conclusão: na pandemia COVID-19 foram mapeadas características sociodemográficas e de saúde mental e em brasileiros e identificados sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e estresse principalmente em mulheres, pessoas solteiras, que não trabalham atualmente e já apresentavam algum sintoma de saúde mental anterior.

Mental health and burden in mothers of children with congenital Zika syndrome during COVID-19 pandemic / Saúde mental e sobrecarga das mães de crianças com síndrome congênita do Zika durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate burden, frequency of anxiety and signs and symptoms of depression in mothers of children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) during the COVID-19 pandemic and the social isolation period. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study conducted with mothers who care for their children with CZS. The data were collected by an online form with questions regarding mother's socioeconomic conditions and questions related with Zarit burden scale and Beck's inventories on depression and anxiety. Spearman's correlation tests and multiple regression analyzes were performed to assess factors related to mothers' burden and mental health. Results: 41 mothers were evaluated, 51.2% had mild burden, 39% had minimal anxiety and 73.2% did not have signs and symptoms of depression. Negative correlations were observed between levels of burden and maternal schooling (p=0.01), presence of signs and symptoms of anxiety and receiving financial aid (p<0.04) as well as the presence of signs and symptoms of anxiety and having children with seizures history (p=0.03). Conclusion: despite the risk of their children again being victims of an epidemic virus, mothers who care for their children with CZS did not present serious mental health impairments.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a sobre carga e frequência de sinais e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em mães de crianças com síndrome congênita do Zika (SCZ) durante pandemia de COVID-19. e o período de isolamento social. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com mães que cuidam de seus filhos com SCZ. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um formulário online contendo questões referentes as condições socioeconômicas da mãe além da escala de sobrecarga de Zarite dos inventários de Beck de depressão e ansiedade. Para avaliação de fatores relacionados a sobrecarga e saúde mental das mães foram realizados testes de correlação de Spearman e análises de regressão múltipla. Resultados: ao todo foram avaliadas 41 mães das quais 51,2% apresentaram sobrecarga leve, 39% apresentaram ansiedade mínima e 73,2% não apresentaram sinais e sintomas de depressão. Correlações negativas foram observadas entre níveis de sobrecarga e a escolaridade materna (p=0,01), presença de sinais e sintomas de ansiedade e recebimento de auxílio financeiro (p<0,04) assim como da presença de sinais e sintomas de ansiedade e ter filhos com histórico de crises convulsivas (p=0,03). Conclusão: apesar do risco iminente de seus filhos serem novamente vítimas de um vírus epidêmico, mães que cuidam de seus filhos com SCZ não apresentaram comprometimento graves na saúde mental.

Evaluation of depression and anxiety symptoms, alcohol consumption, and binge eating in older adults undergoing bariatric surgery: a 6-year follow-up / Avaliação dos sintomas de depressão e ansiedade, consumo de álcool e compulsão alimentar em idosos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica: seguimento de 6 anos

INTRODUCTION: The literature remains scarce on the late effects of bariatric surgery on the general health of patients who underwent such procedures at an older age. The present study aimed to evaluate depression and anxiety symptoms, risky alcohol consumption, and binge eating in older adults undergoing bariatric surgery. METHODS: This study used current data (from medical records and tests) to conduct a cross-sectional study. A total of 74 individuals aged 60 years and older who underwent bariatric surgery after 55 years of age at a specialist center for obesity management located in Brazil were included and evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and Binge Eating Scale. Demographic and clinical data related to the surgical procedure (weight loss) were also collected. The Cochran-Armitage trend test, Pearson's χ2 test, and a multiple linear regression model were used as needed. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The individuals were white (65.70%) and women (78.30%), with a mean age of 65.8 (SD 3.90) years. The mean time elapsed from surgery to evaluation was 75.70 (SD 43.70) months; 10.80% of the participants had moderate to severe depression, 8.10% moderate to severe anxiety, and 5.40% risky or high-risk alcohol consumption. None of the participants had binge eating problems. Weight regain was not associated with depressive symptom severity or risky alcohol consumption, but it was significantly associated (p = 0.034) with few or neither anxiety symptoms. Excess weight loss was not associated with any study variable. CONCLUSION: The results show a low prevalence of mental symptoms in older adults undergoing bariatric surgery compared to data from the literature on younger adults undergoing the same procedure.

INTRODUÇÃO: A literatura ainda é escassa sobre os efeitos tardios na saúde geral de pacientes idosos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os sintomas de depressão e ansiedade, consumo de álcool de risco e compulsão alimentar em idosos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. METODOLOGIA: Este estudo utilizou dados atuais (de prontuários e exames) para realizar um estudo transversal. Um total de 74 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais que se submeteram à cirurgia bariátrica após os 55 anos em um centro especializado em tratamento da obesidade localizado no Brasil foram incluídos e avaliados pelo Inventário de Depressão e Ansiedade de Beck, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification e Escala de compulsão alimentar. Dados demográficos e clínicos relacionados ao procedimento cirúrgico (perda de peso) também foram coletados. O teste de tendência Cochran-Armitage, o teste do χ2 de Pearson e um modelo de regressão linear múltipla foram usados conforme necessidade. Um p < 0,05 foi considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: Os indivíduos em sua maioria eram brancos (65,70%) e mulheres (78,30%), com média de idade de 65,8 (DP 3,90) anos. O tempo médio decorrido desde a cirurgia até a avaliação foi de 75,70 (DP 43,70) meses; 10,80% dos participantes tinham depressão moderada a grave, 8,10% ansiedade moderada a grave e 5,40% consumo de álcool de risco ou alto risco. Nenhum dos participantes teve problemas de compulsão alimentar. O ganho de peso não foi associado à gravidade dos sintomas depressivos ou consumo de álcool de risco, mas foi significativamente associado (p = 0,034) com poucos ou nenhum sintoma de ansiedade. A perda de excesso de peso não se associou a nenhuma variável do estudo. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram baixa prevalência de sintomas mentais em idosos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica em comparação com dados da literatura em adultos jovens submetidos ao mesmo procedimento.

Depressão e ansiedade em profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia da covid-19 / Depression and anxiety in nursing professionals during the covid-19 pandemic / Depresión y ansiedad en profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia del covid-19

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas depressão, ansiedade e fatores associados em profissionais da equipe de enfermagem durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Métodos: Estudo seccional do tipo web survey, com 490 com profissionais de enfermagem dos serviços de média e alta complexidade em um estado do nordeste do Brasil. A associação entre os desfechos e as variáveis independentes foi através do teste de qui-quadrado de Rao-Scott e do modelo de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A ocorrência de sintomas sugestivos de transtornos mentais (ansiedade e depressão) estava relacionada a profissionais de enfermagem do sexo feminino, cor ou raça parda, com renda mensal inferior a 5 salários mínimos que trabalhavam no setor privado, ter sintomas de Síndrome de Burnout e morar com os pais. As ocorrências foram mais acentuadas quando os serviços não apresentavam condições adequadas de trabalho, em especial para o enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: Ações que visem à melhoria das condições de trabalho e que estimulem a prática de atividades físicas podem ser benéficas para o a manutenção e fortalecimento das condições de saúde mental dessa população

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and associated factors in Nursing staff during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional web survey study, with 490 Nursing professionals from medium and high complexity services in a state in northeastern Brazil. The association between the outcomes and the independent variables was through the Rao-Scott chi-square test and the Poisson regression model. Results: The occurrence of symptoms suggestive of mental disorders (anxiety and depression) was related to female Nursing professionals, brown skin color or race, with a monthly income below 5 minimum wages and working in the private sector, having symptoms of the Burnout Syndrome and live with their parents. The occurrences were more accentuated when the services did not have adequate working conditions, especially for coping with the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusion and implications for practice: Actions that aim to improve the working conditions and that encourage the practice of physical activities can be beneficial for the maintenance and strengthening of the mental health conditions of this population

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y factores asociados en el personal de enfermería durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Métodos: Estudio de encuesta web seccional, con 490 profesionales de enfermería de servicios de mediana y alta complejidad en un estado del noreste de Brasil. La asociación entre los resultados y las variables independientes se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Rao-Scott y el modelo de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La ocurrencia de síntomas sugestivos de trastornos mentales (ansiedad y depresión) se relacionó con mujeres profesionales de enfermería, de color o raza morena, con ingresos mensuales inferiores a 5 salarios mínimos que trabajaban en el sector privado, presentaban síntomas de Síndrome de Burnout y vivían con los padres. Los episodios eran más acentuados cuando los servicios no contaban con las condiciones laborales adecuadas, especialmente para hacer frente a la pandemia Covid-19. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: Las acciones que tengan como objetivo mejorar las condiciones laborales y que incentiven la práctica de actividades físicas pueden ser beneficiosas para el mantenimiento y fortalecimiento de las condiciones de salud mental de esta población

Frecuencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes coordinados para cirugía electiva en el Hospital de Clínicas Manuel Quintela / Frequency of anxiety and depression in patients coordinated for elective surgery at the Hospital de Clínicas Manuel Quintela

Los trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad son más frecuentes en pacientes que se encuentran a la espera de un acto anestésico-quirúrgico. Estos se consideran factores de riesgo de complicaciones posoperatorias de allí el interés de detectarlos en la consulta preoperatoria. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes pre-quirúrgicos en el Hospital de Clínicas utilizando la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) validada en español mediante un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se realizó una encuesta a una muestra tomada al azar, de pacientes prequirúrgicos obtenida de la consulta externa o de las consultas provenientes de salas de internación quirúrgica del Hospital de Clínicas entre julio y septiembre de 2019. La prevalencia global de ansiedad y depresión fue de 44% y 14,5%, respectivamente. Un mayor nivel de depresión fue asociado al sexo femenino, no encontrándose asociación entre otras variables como edad, tipo de cirugía u hospitalización, y la mayor frecuencia de cualquiera de los trastornos. Se concluye que los niveles de ansiedad son relativamente elevados y, junto a la depresión, pueden ser detectados en la consulta preoperatoria de manera sencilla utilizando el instrumento propuesto.

The depressive and anxiety disorders are more frequent in patients who are waiting a surgical procedure. These are risk factors of postoperative complications. The objective of this work was to determine the incidence of anxiety and depression in the preoperative period at the University Hospital using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale validated in spanish through an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. A socio-demographic characterization of patients was carried out and aspects related to imminent surgery were described. The study was conducted in a random sample of pre-surgical patients who attended an outpatient clinic or were hospitalized at the Hospital de Clínicas, between July and September 2019. The global incidence of anxiety and depression was 44% and 14.5% respectively. A mayor level of depression was observed in females, no other statistically significant evidence was found to support an association between the other variables (age, type of surgery, hospitalization) and the higher prevalence of any of the disorders. We concluded that the level of anxiety is high in our population and deserves to be detected, through the implementation of a simple instrument.

Efecto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la salud mental de los otorrinolaringólogos en Hispanoamérica / COVID-19 pandemic effects on otolaryngologist's mental health in Hispanoamerica

Introducción: la pandemia puede generar compromiso en la salud mental y los otorrinolaringólogos son los especialistas con mayor riesgo de exposición y contagio por SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal en otorrinolaringólogos de Hispanoamérica, donde se evaluaron variables socioeconómico/demográficas y su asociación con las escalas PHQ-9 y GAD-7. Resultados: se estudiaron 256 otorrinolaringólogos de dieciséis países de Hispanoamérica. La escala PHQ-9 presentó una media de 5,45 (DE 4,22). La escala GAD-7 presentó una media de 4,55 (DE 3,457). La prevalencia de depresión mayor y ansiedad fue del 14,8 % y 7 %, respectivamente. En el análisis multivariado, los otorrinolaringólogos a los que se les ha realizado prueba con hisopado nasofaríngeo tienen una predicción significativa para presentar una puntuación alta en la escala PHQ-9 (coeficiente ß = 2,350; p=0.027). En la puntuación de la escala GAD-7, los individuos con mayor edad tienen una predicción significativa de menor puntuación en la escala (coeficiente ß = -0,144; p=0,002). Los otorrinolaringólogos con más años de experiencia (coeficiente ß = 0,909; p=0,037) y aquellos a los que les han realizado prueba de RT-PCR con hisopado nasofaríngeo para SARS-CoV-2 tienen una predicción significativa para presentar una puntuación alta en la escala GAD-7 (coeficiente ß = 2,370; p=0,027). Conclusión: en el transcurso de la pandemia, los otorrinolaringólogos de Hispanoamérica han presentado cambios drásticos de sus condiciones sociales y económicas y experimentado sus potenciales efectos en la salud mental. La exposición a al hisopado nasofaríngeo para el diagnóstico de COVID-19 fue la única variable independiente que se asoció con aumento de las puntuaciones en las escalas GAD-7 y PHQ-9.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic could affect the mental health, especially to the health workforce directly exposed to the virus. ENT surgeons have one of the highest risks of exposure and infection by SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Cross-sectional study in otolaryngologists from Hispanoamerica. Socioeconomic and demographic variables were evaluated with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 score. Results: 256 ENT surgeons from sixteen Hispanoamerican countries were studied. The PHQ-9 scale presented an average of 5.45 (SD 4.22). The GAD-7 score presented an average of 4.55 (SD 3.457). The prevalence of major depression and generalized anxiety disorders were 14.8 % and 7 %, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the otolaryngologists who have been tested by nasopharyngeal swab have a significant prediction to present a higher score on the PHQ-9 score (coefficient ß = 2.350, p=0.027), while on the GAD-7 score, older individuals have a significant prediction of lower score (coefficient ß = -0.144, p=0.002). Otolaryngologists with more years of experience (coefficient ß = 0.909, p=0.037) and those who have undergone RT-PCR testing with nasopharyngeal swab have a significant prediction to present a higher GAD-7 (coefficient ß = 2.370, p = 0.027). Conclusion: During the pandemic, otolaryngologists in Hispanoamerica have presented drastic changes in their social and economic conditions, and their potential effects on mental health. Exposure to the nasopharyngeal swab test for the diagnosis of COVID-19 was the only independent variable that was associated with higher scores on GAD-7 and PHQ-9.

Una mirada especial a la ansiedad y depresión en el adulto mayor institucionalizado / A Special Approach to Anxiety and Depression in the Institutionalized Aged Adult

Introducción: La ansiedad y la depresión son alteraciones frecuentes en los ancianos y de difícil diagnóstico. El trabajo que se realiza en las Casas de Abuelos es realmente gratificante pues la socialización es tan fuerte que se crean fuertes lazos de amistad y una nueva perspectiva de ver la vida. El psicólogo en estas instituciones tiene como objetivo evaluar su estado psicológico e interactuar de manera grupal e individual para rehabilitarlo. Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de ansiedad y depresión de adultos mayores Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, con una población de 19 ancianos en la Casa de Abuelos Alegre Juventud de Los Palacios, en el periodo comprendido de junio del 2017 a marzo del 2018. Se les aplicó el Inventario de Depresión Rasgo-Estado y el Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado, así como entrevistas semiestructuradas, tanto a estos como a la trabajadora social encargada del cuidado de estos. Resultados: Según la ansiedad como estado predominó un 57,9 por ciento de la población mientras que la depresión como estado predominó el 100 por ciento. Con relación a la ansiedad como rasgo predominó un 100 por ciento de la población mientras que la depresión como rasgo predominó un 52,6 por ciento. Conclusiones: Existen niveles medios y altos de ansiedad y depresión en los adultos evaluados, pudiéndose utilizar la terapia MINFULLNES para mejorar su calidad de vida desde estos indicadores(AU)

Introduction: Anxiety and depression are frequent alterations in the aged adult. The management of these conditions is difficult. The work that is done in care homes is really rewarding because socialization is so strong that strong ties of friendship and a new perspective of seeing life are created. The psychologist in these institutions aims to assess their psychological state and interact in a group and individual way to rehabilitate them. Objective: To evaluate the levels of anxiety and depression in aged adults. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, in the period from June 2017 to March 2018, with a population of nineteen elderly people from Alegre Juventud Care Home in Los Palacios. They were applied the State-Trait Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, as well as semistructured interviews, which also included the social worker in charge of their care. Results: Concerning anxiety as a state, the predominance accounted for 57.9 percent of the population; while for depression, predominance accounted for 100 percent. Regarding anxiety as a trait, predominance accounted for 100 percent; while for depression, as a trait, predominance accounted for 52.6 percent. Conclusions: There are average and high levels of anxiety and depression in the adults evaluated, which shows that the use MINFULLNES therapy could improve their quality of life based on these indicators(AU)

Salud mental en trabajadores de la salud durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Chile

Background: COVID-19 has effects on the mental health of health care workers. Aim: To explore the presence of symptoms associated with mental health problems and associated risk factors in health workers. Material and Methods: The questionnaires PHQ-9 for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, ISI-7 for insomnia and IES-R-22 for psychological distress were applied to 125 health care workers aged 18 to 67 years (32 physicians, 22 nurses and 71 of other professions) laboring in hospitals and primary care facilities along Chile. Results: Sixty five percent reported depression symptoms, 74% anxiety, 65% insomnia and 57% distress. Physicians had lower median scores in all scales than nurses and other health professionals. Professionals attending patients with respiratory infections or with COVID-19 had higher median scores in the scales that their counterparts. Conclusions: The frequency of mental health problems among these professionals is high and preventive measures should be taken.

Symptoms of anxiety and depression and self-care behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population / Síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y conductas de autocuidado durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en la población general

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic can have important psychosocial consequences in the population. Objective: To determine the levels anxiety and depression symptoms and self-care behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population. Method: Online survey distributed over three weeks using a non-probability sampling. The PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire, the GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and a self-care behaviors visual analogue scale were used. Between-group (anxiety and depression) descriptive and comparison analyses were carried out. Results: Out of 1508 included participants, 20.8 % had symptoms of severe anxiety, while 27.5 % showed symptoms of severe depression. Being a woman, being single, having no children, having medical comorbidities and a history of mental health care were associated with the presence of higher levels of anxiety and depression symptoms; 66 to 80 % of the population complied with self-care recommendations. A need for receiving mental health care was identified in our study population. Conclusion: A larger number of individuals with moderate to severe anxiety and depression symptoms were observed than in other pandemics. COVID-19 pandemic psychological effects are considered an emerging public mental health problem, and implementation of programs for their care is therefore recommended.

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 puede tener consecuencias psicosociales importantes en la población. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y conductas de autocuidado durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en población general. Método: Encuesta en línea distribuida durante tres semanas mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Se empleó el Cuestionario sobre la Salud del Paciente PHQ-9, la Escala del Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada GAD-7 y la Escala análoga visual de conductas de autocuidado. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de comparación entre los grupos con ansiedad y depresión. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1508 participantes, 20.8 % presentó síntomas de ansiedad grave y 27.5 %, síntomas de depresión grave. Ser mujer, soltero(a) no tener hijos, presentar comorbilidad médica y antecedentes de atención a la salud mental estuvieron relacionados con la presencia de mayores niveles de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión; 66 a 80 % de la población cumplía con las recomendaciones de autocuidado. Se identificó la necesidad de recibir atención de salud mental. Conclusión: Se observó mayor número de individuos con síntomas de ansiedad y depresión moderadas a graves que en otras pandemias. Los efectos psicológicos de la pandemia de COVID-19 se consideran un problema de salud mental pública emergente, por lo que se recomienda la implementación de programas para su atención.

Quality of life and psychometric evaluation of patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome: an observational cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Very few data are available for evaluating health-related quality of life among people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and even fewer data are available in relation to anxiety and depression status among these patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the quality of life, anxiety and depression status of patients with IBS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational cohort study conducted in a tertiary-care university hospital. METHODS: Patients who had recently been diagnosed with IBS and who had been followed up for IBS-specific treatment for at least three months were included. A quality of life (QoL) survey, the Beck Anxiety Index (BAI) and the Hamilton Depression Index (HAM-D) were applied to the patients. RESULTS: In total, 274 patients with IBS were included in the study cohort. These patients presented very high baseline scores for anxiety and depression, and very poor QoL results. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that IBS had a very high impact on these patients, regarding their anxiety and depression levels, alongside very poor results relating to quality of life.

Cognitive impairment in chronic migraine: a cross-sectional study in a clinic-based sample / Comprometimento cognitivo na enxaqueca crônica: um estudo transversal em uma amostra clínica

Abstract Cognitive impairment has been described in all phases of a migraine attack and interictally. However, the prevalence and phenotype of such impairment in chronic migraine (CM) have not yet been studied. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate both the prevalence of the objective cognitive deficit in patients with CM and the factors underlying its etiology. Methods: 144 patients with CM and 44 age-matched patients with low-frequency episodic migraine (EM) (a maximum of 4 headache days per month) participated in this study. Neuropsychiatric characteristics were measured with the HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Cognitive function was assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ-20). Results: Compared to EM, CM subjects demonstrated higher subjective and objective cognitive impairment across all tests. CM patients had 4 times higher odds of achieving a RAVLT score in the lower quartile range compared to EM (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.8; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.5‒9.6; р=0.005). In the MoCA, CM patients demonstrated the most striking impairment in memory/delayed recall (65.3%), attention (46.5%), abstraction (30.6%), and language (27.1%). Chronic headache and level of education, but not gender, depression or anxiety, were independent predictors of cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Cognitive impairment is prevalent in the CM population during their mildest possible pain and may be caused by a central sensitization. Timely preventive treatment of EM is warranted.

Resumo O comprometimento cognitivo foi descrito em todas as fases de um ataque de enxaqueca, de maneira intermitente. Entretanto, a prevalência e o fenótipo desse comprometimento na enxaqueca crônica (EC) não foram estudados. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência do déficit cognitivo objetivo em pacientes com EC e fatores subjacentes à sua etiologia. Métodos: 144 pacientes com CM e 44 pacientes pareados por idade com enxaqueca episódica (EE) de baixa frequência (máximo de 4 dias de dor de cabeça por mês) foram incluídos. As características neuropsiquiátricas foram medidas pela Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A função cognitiva foi avaliada por meio da Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), o Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), o Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) e o Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ-20). Resultados: Em comparação com a EE, os indivíduos com EC demonstraram um comprometimento cognitivo subjetivo e objetivo maior em todos os testes. Os pacientes com CM tiveram 4 vezes mais chances de alcançar um escore RAVLT na faixa quartil inferior, em comparação com EE (Odds Ratio [OR] 3,8; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,5‒9,6; p=0,005). No MoCA, os pacientes com EC demonstraram o maior prejuízo na memória/atraso na recordação (65,3%), atenção (46,5%), abstração (30,6%) e linguagem (27,1%). Dor de cabeça crônica e nível de escolaridade, mas não o sexo, depressão ou ansiedade, foram preditores independentes de comprometimento cognitivo. Conclusões: O comprometimento cognitivo é prevalente na população com enxaqueca crônica mesmo durante uma dor muito leve e pode ser causado pela sensibilização central. O tratamento preventivo oportuno da enxaqueca episódica se faz necessário.